All the latest updates on AI data centers

To power its new West Texas data center, Amazon is investing in the construction of a new power plant that could be one of the largest single producers of greenhouse gases in the US, according to The New York Times. The new gas-burning plant in Pecos County, Texas, has received significant investment from Amazon and, at least initially, would not be connected to the state’s power grid. Instead, its 35 natural-gas turbines would primarily deliver its 7.65 gigawatts of electricity to the new data center.

According to Cleanview, which tracks data centers and their associated power projects, GW Ranch received a permit from Texas allowing for the emission of up to 33 million tons of CO2, more than even the largest coal plant in the country. Plants rarely emit as much greenhouse gas as their permits allow, but it’s still notable that the restrictions on its pollution levels are so lax. Amazon has confirmed that it purchased the site and plans to purchase power from GW Ranch.

Today, I’m talking with Gaby Del Valle, a policy reporter here at The Verge, about the growing backlash against AI data centers.

Gaby recently reported a fantastic piece about Hernando County, Florida, where last month the county commission unanimously approved a yearlong moratorium on data center construction. She attended a protest there organized by a group called Humans First, a conservative grassroots movement focused on combating AI data center build-outs.

Texas announced new a audit on data centers that could slow approval for new facilities seeking to connect to the state energy grid.

Governor Greg Abbott (R) on Monday directed the Public Utility Commission of Texas (PUCT) and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) to verify and audit new data center proposals, writing that the review is needed to “keep the grid stable and reliable.” Data centers will need to provide information on state and local incentives they’ve received, how much they’d rely on the state grid, expected water consumption and sources, and how they plan to track community impacts including noise.

In the face of backlash to concerns the AI boom will increase consumer electricity bills, the largest utility companies and data center developers in the US are now promising to do something about it. The Wall Street Journal reports that nearly 200 organizations have signed President Donald Trump’s “rate payer protection pledge” that’s meant to safeguard average citizens from footing the AI bill.

Trump is expected to announce the new signatories on Thursday, which include NextEra Energy, Duke Energy, Equinix, and Digital Realty, according to a list obtained by The WSJ. An unnamed White House official told the publication that those who have committed to the pledge now account for about 80 percent of all power delivered to homes and businesses across the US.

New hyperscale data centers can’t set up shop in New York for up to a year now that Governor Kathy Hochul (D) has signed the nation’s first statewide moratorium. But a bill passed by the state legislature that could restrict even more developments still awaits her signature.

The order blocks new environmental permits for data centers over 50 megawatts, which the governor’s office says will give the state time to come up with the regulations needed to protect residents from rising energy prices and environmental impact. That’s higher than the 20 megawatt threshold approved by state lawmakers. Hochul’s office could not immediately identify the number of proposals that would be impacted by the order, but says the threshold is meant to prevent disruption to smaller data centers used by institutions like hospitals. Hochul has not yet said whether she will sign the moratorium passed through the legislature, but the executive action allows her to enact a first-in-the-nation pause while reviewing the bill.

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Years before the AI boom threatened local power grids, a small group of protesters set the stage for the battles cropping up across communities today. In 2015, Apple announced plans to build a roughly $1 billion data center in the sleepy town of Athenry, Ireland. The data center’s 500-acre site would power Apple’s services in Europe, including iTunes, iMessage, and Siri. At the time, Apple said the data center would offer outdoor education spaces, walking trails, and an initiative to replant native trees. It would also use 100 percent renewable energy. With the approval from the local government and plans to give back to the community, Apple likely didn’t anticipate the lengthy battle it was about to face.

A solar and home energy storage company is expanding into AI data centers, but not by building one — instead, it’s offering to pay its customers to put its compute units in their homes. Sunrun is launching a pilot program for a new “distributed AI compute” program that will “place numerous compute nodes in homes equipped with Sunrun solar and battery storage systems.” Customers will be “compensated” for participating in the pilot program.

Sunrun plans to sell the distributed compute power from the nodes to “enterprise compute buyers,” like AI companies. It’s a new approach to finding resources and space for AI compute infrastructure, as data centers face increasing pushback across the country. A survey released in May showed that over 70 percent of Americans oppose construction of new data centers in their area, often because of concerns over pollution, noise, and water and electricity use.

Public pushback against data centers has emphasized their water and energy consumption, and now Nvidia is highlighting its claim that the Rubin generation reference design for a fully liquid-cooled data center has “eliminated massive amounts of power usage and pretty much all water usage.” Still, it doesn’t address all of the concerns around AI data centers, including during their construction, and for the power generation requirements of the massive facilities. Also, as Gizmodo points out, Nvidia’s blog post doesn’t mention the cost of building this style of data center vs. one using less efficient air cooling, but claims that “every cloud provider and data center operator building for [Rubin] is making the transition.”

The efficiency gains are partly due to running AI servers hotter, as high as 113 degrees Fahrenheit (45 degrees Celsius). In a recent report, Amazon similarly touted higher heat tolerances as part of making its mostly air-cooled data centers more efficient.

When three Amazon software engineers testified earlier this month at Seattle City Council hearings about data centers, they started their testimony by citing a city law barring employment discrimination over political speech. Now, they’re accusing their employer of breaking that law by retaliating against them.

On June 10th — one week after the hearing, and one day after the City Council passed a milestone moratorium on data centers — Patrick Schloesser, Darius Irani, and Liesl Wigand were each called into an impromptu meeting with Amazon’s “Employee Relations.” HR representatives told the employees that the company was investigating them and said there could be disciplinary action, up to and including termination. On Thursday, the three filed a legal complaint requesting that the Seattle Office for Civil Rights investigate the matter, alleging that Amazon engaged in prohibited employment discrimination.